Penetrations: Any objects passing through the roof.

	Roof Drains: Drains installed at the low spot in a roof that channels water into a drainpipe to prevent pooling.

	Scuppers: Openings in a roof or parapet usually faced with metal flashing to drain water from the roof at a given point.

	Pitch Pockets: Flanged, open bottomed enclosure made of sheet metal placed around a penetration through the roof, filled with grout to seal the area around the penetration.

	Gutters: Horizontal channels installed at the edge of a roof to carry rainwater or melted snow away from the house.

	Parapets: The portions of an exterior wall that extends above the edge of a roof.

	Copings: The covering piece on top of a wall which is exposed to the weather, usually made of metal, masonry, or stone. It is preferably sloped to shed water back onto the roof.

	Skylights: Overhead windows, as in a roof, admitting daylight.

	Curbs: Raised members used to support roof penetrations, such as skylights, mechanical equipment, hatches, etc. above the level of the roof surface.

	Flat Roof: A type of roof, which in contrast to a sloped roof, is horizontal or nearly horizontal. Materials that cover flat roofs should allow the water to run off freely from a very slight inclination. Modern flat roofs tend to use a continuous membrane which can better resist pools of standing water.

	Metal Roof: A standing seam metal roof consists of a series of adjacent metal panels that run vertically from the roof's ridge to the eave. The panels overlap or interlock, creating a waterproof seam. The resulting roof is lightweight and energy efficient.